Tooj liab yog ib qho malleable, ductile thiab zoo heev conductor ntawm tshav kub thiab hluav taws xob. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam lag luam, xws li hluav taws xob, kev tsim kho, tsheb, thiab kav dej. Muaj cov qib sib txawv thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab, thiab ntawm no yog qee qhov ntawm lawv:
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, thaum txuas ntxiv ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub dav hlau thiab lub cav, lub zej zog hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws aviation tseem muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntxiv txog kev txuag cov peev txheej, txo nqi, tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab lwm yam teeb meem. Raws li keeb kwm yav dhau los no, kev lag luam aviation ntsuab tau ua tiav qee yam. Green aviation npog tag nrho cov kev txhim kho thiab siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim dav hlau, tsim khoom, siv, tu, so haujlwm, rov ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau cov khoom siv ntsuab, kev tsim ntsuab, kev saib xyuas ntsuab, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom siv ntsuab yog hais txog kev siv cov peev txheej loj tshaj plaws thiab txo qis ntawm kev siv cov nqi thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho ntawm cov khoom tsim, kev xaiv raw khoom, kev ua thiab kev tsim khoom, ntim thiab thauj, siv, rov qab thiab rov siv dua. Peb lub teb chaws tau pib siv zog tsim cov cuab yeej siv tshiab, txhua yam khoom siv tshiab tau ua tiav, kev tshawb fawb cov khoom siv dav hlau tshiab tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Saib mus rau yav tom ntej, cov khoom siv dav hlau tshiab yuav raug tsim los ntawm ntau lub hom phiaj, kev ua haujlwm siab, cov txheej txheem tshiab, tus nqi qis thiab cov tswv yim tshiab. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej thiab kev txhim kho qib hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv dav hlau tshiab, peb yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv dav hlau ntsuab los ntawm cov khoom tsim, txheej txheem kev npaj, kev tsim khoom, rov ua dua tshiab thiab lwm yam, thiab sib koom ua ke. tsim kom muaj lub neej yav tom ntej zoo ntawm ntsuab aviation.
Ua ntej, qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev tsim kho ntsuab aviation kev lag luam
2021 yog thawj xyoo ntawm 14th Tsib Xyoo Plan. Raws li txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog kev lag luam saw, cov khoom siv tshiab yuav tsum tau coj mus rau qhov chaw loj dua rau kev txhim kho. Lub xyoo pua 20th yog ib puas xyoo ntawm kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws uas tib neeg tau ua nyob rau hauv kev lag luam aeronautics thiab astronautics. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, lub aerospace kev lag luam tau qhia ib tug dav txoj kev vam meej rau txoj kev loj hlob, thiab high-level los yog ultra-high theem aerospace kev ua ub no tau ua ntau zaus. Qhov kev ua tiav zoo ntawm kev lag luam aerospace yog sib cais los ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev tawg ntawm aerospace khoom siv tshuab. Cov ntaub ntawv yog lub hauv paus thiab forerunner ntawm niaj hnub high technology thiab kev lag luam, thiab mus rau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov prerequisite rau breakthrough ntawm high technology. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv aerospace plays lub luag haujlwm muaj zog hauv kev txhawb nqa thiab lav lub tshuab aerospace. Nyob rau hauv lem, txoj kev loj hlob xav tau ntawm aerospace technology zoo heev coj thiab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm aerospace cov ntaub ntawv. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias kev nce qib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov dav hlau.
Aeronautical cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv lav rau kev txhim kho thiab tsim cov khoom siv dav hlau, tab sis kuj yog lub hauv paus rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv dav hlau. Cov ntaub ntawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam aviation thiab cov khoom lag luam aviation. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, aviation cov ntaub ntawv yog tsim los ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, kev ua haujlwm siab, kev ua haujlwm ntau, cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm, kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev txawj ntse, tus nqi qis thiab ib puag ncig kev sib raug zoo.
Hauv nws daim ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev ua haujlwm xyoo 2022, yav dhau los Thawj Tswj Hwm Li Keqiang tau thov kom txhim kho thaj chaw ecological tsis tu ncua, txhawb kev txhim kho ntsuab thiab cov pa roj carbon tsawg, ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj hwm kev ua qias tuaj thiab kev tiv thaiv ecological thiab kho dua tshiab, ua kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev txhim kho thiab txo qis emissions, thiab txhawb kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm txiv neej thiab xwm. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, thaum txuas ntxiv ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub dav hlau, lub zej zog hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws aviation tseem muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev txuag nyiaj, txo nqi, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab lwm yam teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, ntsuab aviation tau ua tej yam kev vam meej. Lub dav hlau mus rau kev nyab xeeb thiab txhim khu kev qha, lub teeb yuag, tawv, ntsuab kev taw qhia ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, yog li muab tso rau pem hauv ntej thiab siab dua cov khoom siv, tab sis kuj txhawb lub dav hlau hauv kev ya davhlau ceev, kev ntseeg siab, tus nqi qis, kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev nplij siab thiab lwm yam ntawm kev hloov kho. . Raws li cov xwm txheej tshiab, kev tsim cov khoom siv dav hlau dav hlau ntsuab thiab nws cov kev npaj thiab kev siv tshuab yog qhov tseem ceeb los txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Suav aviation kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, tau tsav los ntawm kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub ntiaj teb no, kev txhim kho ntsuab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv aviation yog ib qho kev xav tsis thoob thiab qhov yuav tsum tau ua sai sai ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam.
Ii. Tshawb nrhiav kev nce qib ntawm cov khoom siv dav hlau tshiab
Cov khoom siv dav hlau rau qee qhov txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm kev tsim cov qauv dav hlau lub cev. Txij li thaum Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv dav hlau tau tshaj tawm hauv cov theem pib, nws tsuas yog siv cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws hauv kev xaiv cov khoom siv. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Tuam Tshoj tau pib siv zog tsim cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tshiab, thiab cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tshiab tau ua tiav tas mus li, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom siv dav hlau tshiab kuj tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm tag nrho qib ntawm kev lag luam aviation tshiab cov khoom lag luam thiab qib siab thoob ntiaj teb.
(A) Titanium alloy: cov khoom zoo heev ntawm "universal hlau"
Titanium muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tsis tshua muaj zog thiab muaj zog tshwj xeeb, thiab nws cov alloy yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nce qhov hnyav ntawm cov dav hlau hauv thaj chaw aerospace, thiab tau siv dav hauv xyoo tas los no. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua tub rog thiab aerospace teb, titanium alloy kuj tau siv dav hauv tshuaj, metallurgy, kho mob, kis las thiab so thiab lwm yam haujlwm.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv rau aviation txawv teb chaws
1) Kub-kub titanium alloy: high-temperature titanium alloy yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv aircraft flap slide rail, bearing vaj tse, bracket, engine hood, compressor disc thiab hniav, casing thiab lwm yam structural ncej. Cov khoom no yuav tsum muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb, qaug zog lub zog, nkag siab ua haujlwm thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm 300 ~ 600 degree. Tam sim no, sawv cev ntawm cov qib siab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev kub siab titanium alloy hom feem ntau suav nrog Tebchaws Meskas Ti-6242S, Ti-1100, IMI834, Russia's BT36 thiab lwm yam.
2) Lub zog siab titanium alloy: Lub zog siab titanium alloy feem ntau yog hais txog lub zog tensile ntawm ntau tshaj 1000MPa titanium alloy, feem ntau yog siv los hloov cov khoom siv hlau uas muaj zog heev uas feem ntau siv hauv cov qauv dav hlau, tuaj yeem ua tiav 10 feem pua qhov hnyav. Tam sim no, lub zog siab titanium alloys siv nyob rau hauv dav hlau feem ntau yog -type titanium alloys, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntsiab Ti-1023, BT22, Ti-153, -21S thiab hais txog.
3) nplaim retardant titanium Alloy: Tam sim no, cov nplaim hluav taws kub retardant titanium alloys yog Alloy C hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab BTT-1 hauv Russia. Alloy C (Ti-35V-15Cr), tsim nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, yog ib hom titanium alloy nrog zoo kub kub lub zog thiab oxidation kuj. Nws tau raug siv rau lub siab-siab compressor casing, qhia vane thiab vector-tail nozzle ntawm Fl19 cav. Ti-Cu-Al BTT-1 nplaim retardant titanium alloy tsim nyob rau hauv Russia muaj thermal ua hauj lwm zoo thiab tau siv nyob rau hauv lub cav compressor casing thiab hniav.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv rau domestic aviation
1) Kub kub titanium alloy: Ti-60 alloy yog 600 degree siab kub titanium alloy ntawm nws tus kheej tsim los ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Cov hlau yog raws li TAl₂ (Ti-55) alloy ntxiv Al, Sn, Si cov ntsiab lus nrog cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog, txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho thermal stability, siab kub nkag thiab kub oxidation tsis kam ntawm cov hlau.
2) Lub zog muaj zog zoo titanium alloy: Ib pawg ntawm cov txheej txheem siab titanium alloy tau tsim tawm ntawm nws tus kheej hauv xyoo 1970 txog xyoo 1990. Lub zog ntawm cov titanium alloys tuaj yeem ncav cuag qib ntawm 1100-1300MPa. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, muaj ob yam ntawm cov neeg sawv cev beta titanium alloy: ① ze li ntawm titanium Ti-B18, lub zog tensile tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1150 ~ 1350MPa; ② Metastable titanium alloy Ti-B20, tensile zog mus txog 1200 ~ 1600MPa.
3) nplaim retardant titanium alloy: Tau ntau xyoo, Tuam Tshoj tau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tob ntawm nplaim hluav taws retardant titanium alloy. Xa mus rau AlloyC alloy, Ti-V-Cr-Al, Ti-Mo-Cr-Al, Ti-Mo-V-Cr-Al3 series ntawm nplaim hluav taws retardant titanium alloys tau tsim raws li tus qauv, thiab cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv combustion tau kawm los ntawm txoj kev. ntawm lub computer simulation. Tsis tas li ntawd, TF1 (Ti-V-Cr-C series) thiab TF2 (Ti-Cu series) nplaim retardant titanium alloys tau tsim los tom qab kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tshuab sib txawv ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Askiv thiab Russia. Ti-40 (Ti-V-Cr-Si) alloy yog hom nplaim hluav taws kub retardant titanium alloy ntawm nws tus kheej tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb. Piv nrog cov pa titanium alloy, Ti-40 alloy muaj cov nplaim hluav taws zoo heev thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Tam sim no, cov kev tshawb fawb alloy tau tsim los ntawm kev kuaj ntsuas mus rau ib nrab kev lag luam nplai, muaj peev xwm npaj Ti40 tuj ingot, loj loj bar thiab nplhaib forgings.
Vim qhov pib lig ntawm kev lag luam aviation manufacturing kev lag luam, titanium thiab titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub domestic aviation teb noj yog tsis loj, titanium cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv lub aviation teb accounted rau tsawg tshaj li 20 feem pua, deb ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb nruab nrab theem ntawm txog 50. feem pua , thiab kev lag luam titanium piv rau cov teb chaws tsim tawm tseem muaj qhov sib txawv loj: Ua ntej, high-end titanium alloy cov khoom tseem yog feem ntau imitation, qib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev loj hlob yog tsawg, qhov ntau ntawm daim ntawv thov yog nqaim, kev ua tau zoo thiab qis- tus nqi titanium alloy txoj kev loj hlob yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub chav kuaj; Qhov thib ob, qhov zoo ntawm metallurgy tsis ruaj khov, tsawg dua ntau yam, tsis tiav specifications; Thib peb, kev tshawb fawb kev nce qib ntawm kev txhawb nqa thev naus laus zis yog qeeb, thiab tus kheej tsim cov khoom siv titanium alloy yuav tsum tau txhim kho.
(2) Superalloy: tsom rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog cav
Superalloy, rau qhov kub thiab txias
Cov tsoos steel softens saum 300 degrees Celsius thiab tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Yuav kom ua raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog ntau dua, lub tshav kub ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thermal xav tau ntau dua thiab ua haujlwm kub dua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, superalloys tau raug bred los ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 600 degrees Celsius, thiab cov thev naus laus zis txuas ntxiv txhim kho.
Superalloys tau muab faib ua hlau - raws li superalloys thiab npib tsib xee - raws li superalloys raws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau. Raws li Zhiyan Consulting, muab faib los ntawm cov txheej txheem khoom nyob rau hauv 2018, cov zis ntawm nickel-raws li superalloy accounted rau 80 feem pua, hlau raws li superalloy 14.3 feem pua thiab cobalt raws li superalloy 5.7 feem pua.
Superalloy yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm aeroengine. Superalloy tau siv nyob rau hauv aeroengine txij li thaum nws yug los thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb cov ntaub ntawv rau aerospace engine manufacturing. Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub cav feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv superalloy. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub aero-engines, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv superalloy suav rau 40 feem pua ~ 60 feem pua ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm lub cav. Nws yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv plaub kub kawg Cheebtsam: combustion chamber, qhia, turbine hniav thiab turbine disc. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj yog siv rau hauv casing, nplhaib qhov chaw, afterburner thiab tail nozzle.
Tuam Tshoj high-temperature alloy kev lag luam yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob lub sij hawm, thiab cov kev lag luam saw tuam txhab muaj kev loj hlob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Tus naj npawb ntawm superalloy ntau lawm tuam txhab nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog txwv, thiab cov qib zus tau tej cov lags tom qab ntawm lub tebchaws United States, Russia thiab lwm lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev tsim khoom muaj peev xwm thiab cov nqi tsim tawm tau zoo dua qub. Ntau qhov kev tsim khoom muaj peev xwm ntawm Lianshi Aviation, Western Superconductor thiab lwm lub tuam txhab tau tsim kho thiab muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm.
Cov khoom ntawm superalloy rau aeroengine tab tom txhim kho tsis tu ncua
1) Hlau puag superalloy: ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Suav superalloy system.
Vim tias tsis muaj cov nickel thiab cobalt me me hauv Suav cov peev txheej, kev txhim kho, tsim khoom thiab siv hlau puag superalloy tau dhau los ua qhov ci ntsa iab hauv xyoo 1960 thiab 1970s.
Hlau-raws li superalloys feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv lub cav qhov chaw uas tsis muaj kev khiav hauj lwm kub (600 ~ 850 ° C), xws li turbine discs, casing thiab shafts. Txawm li cas los xij, Fe-base superalloy muaj cov khoom siv zoo ntawm qhov nruab nrab kub, piv rau lossis zoo dua li cov nickel-base alloys zoo sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog pheej yig thiab yooj yim rau deform hauv kub ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, Fe-base superalloy tseem yog dav siv los ua turbine disc thiab turbine hniav cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab kub.
2) Nickel puag superalloy: deformation / casting / tshiab alloy upgrade los ntawm tiam.
Nickel-based superalloys feem ntau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev ntxhov siab tshaj 600 degree. Lawv tsis tsuas yog muaj kev tiv thaiv oxidation zoo thiab corrosion kuj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis kuj muaj qhov kub thiab txias zog, creep lub zog thiab lub zog ntev, nrog rau kev qaug zog zoo. Nws yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv aerospace teb rau structural Cheebtsam ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv high kub tej yam kev mob, xws li cov hniav ua hauj lwm, turbine disks, combustion chambers ntawm aeroengines, thiab lwm yam.
Raws li kev tsim khoom, nickel puag superalloy tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov hlau tsis sib xws, casting superalloy, superalloy tshiab. Nickel-based cam khwb cia superalloy yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv turbine qhia hniav nyob rau hauv lub cav, qhov chaw ua hauj lwm kub muaj peev xwm ncav cuag ntau tshaj 1100 degree, los yog kuj yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv turbine hniav, uas nws kub yog qis dua cov coj cov hniav 50-100 degree .
Raws li lub tshav kub resistant alloy ua hauj lwm kub yog siab dua thiab siab dua, cov ntsiab lus ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau alloy yog ntau thiab ntau, muaj pes tsawg leeg yog complex, uas ua rau ib co alloys tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub cam khwb cia lub xeev, tsis tuaj yeem kub ua hauj lwm deformation. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nce ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying ua rau muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov nickel puag alloy loj tom qab solidification, ua rau tsis sib xws microstructure thiab cov khoom. Siv cov txheej txheem hmoov metallurgy los tsim superalloy tuaj yeem daws cov teeb meem saum toj no. Vim tias cov hmoov hmoov me me, qhov txias txias yog ceev thaum cov hmoov ua, kev sib cais raug tshem tawm, kev ua haujlwm kub tau zoo dua, cov hlau tsuas tuaj yeem raug cam khwb cia yog hloov mus rau hauv deformation superalloy uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm kub, lub zog tawm los. thiab qaug zog zog tau txhim kho, cov hmoov superalloy tau tsim txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev tsim cov khoom siv zog ntau dua. Hmoov superalloy yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov turbine disc ntawm advanced aero-engine nrog siab thrust ratio, thiab tseem nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov compressor disc, turbine ncej, turbine baffle thiab lwm yam kub kub kawg qhov chaw ntawm advanced aero-engine.
3) cobalt-based superalloy: corrosion kuj thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb teb muaj broad zeem muag.
Cov oxidation tsis kam ntawm cobalt-based superalloy tsis zoo, tab sis nws cov thermal corrosion kuj zoo dua npib tsib xee. Cobalt-based superalloy kuj tseem muaj lub zog kub kub, thermal corrosion kuj, thermal qaug zog thiab creep tsis kam tshaj nickel-based superalloy, uas yog tsim rau kev tsim roj turbine qhia cov hniav thiab nozzles.
Vim muaj cov peev txheej tsawg, cobalt puag alloys xws li K40, GH188 thiab L605 tau tsim nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Txij li xyoo 2001, GE txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv cobalt-based superalloys tau tsom mus rau kev siv cobalt-based superalloys ua cov ntaub ntawv substrate rau roj turbines thiab npaj cov txheej txheem xws li thermal barrier coatings rau saum npoo ntawm cov alloys los txhim kho corrosion kuj.
Vim muaj kev txwv cov khoom siv, cobalt kuj tsis tshua muaj thiab kim hauv ntiaj teb. Tam sim no, qhov kub ntawm kev tshawb fawb cobalt tau txo qis, thiab ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tseem nyob rau theem theoretical xws li kev sim ua qauv digital.
Thawj tiam ntawm cov tub rog aircraft alloy, cav nrog kub kub alloy los yog nkag mus rau lub sij hawm ceev ceev
Qhov ntsuas kub ntawm lub cav yog nce. Lub siab thrust-rau-qhov hnyav piv yuav tsum muaj qhov kub thiab txias dua thiab cov khoom txhawb nqa ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm superalloy nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, cav hniav thiab disc cov ntaub ntawv tau ntsib plaub theem, xws li deformation, casting, orientation thiab ib tug siv lead ua. Qhov kub yog maj mam nce ntawm 600 degree mus rau ntau tshaj 1100 degree.
Kev txhim kho ntawm cov tub rog dav hlau tau nrog kev txhim kho ntawm superalloys. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm thawj tiam turbofan lub cav yog deformed superalloy, thiab kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb yog 650 degree. Los ntawm lub thib plaub tiam turbofan cav, qhov ua hauj lwm kub ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tau mus txog 1200 degree, thiab ib tug siv lead ua superalloy yog saws. Kev kho dua tshiab ntawm cov tub rog dav hlau tau nrog kev kho dua tshiab ntawm superalloy, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm lub cav. Kev txhim kho ntawm superalloy xav tau kev tshawb fawb