Titanium

Titanium, uas zoo li hlau thiab muaj ib tug silver-grey luster, yog ib tug hloov pauv hlau thiab tau raug suav hais tias yog ib tug tsis tshua muaj hlau rau tej lub sij hawm yav dhau los. Titanium tsis yog hlau tsis tshua muaj, titanium nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust account rau li ntawm 0.42% ntawm tag nrho cov hnyav, yog tooj liab, npib tsib xee, txhuas, zinc ua ke 16 zaug. Qib thib xya hauv ntiaj teb hlau, muaj ntau dua 70 cov zaub mov uas muaj titanium. Titanium muaj lub zog siab, tsawg ntom, siab hardness, siab melting point thiab muaj zog corrosion kuj. High purity titanium muaj cov yas zoo, tab sis ua nkig thiab tawv thaum muaj impurities.

Titanium alloys tuaj yeem muab faib raws li kev faib tawm sib txawv, feem ntau raws li kev tsim qauv, siv qhov kub thiab txias, siv thiab cov yam ntxwv thiab lwm txoj hauv kev los muab faib. 12

Raws li cov qauv kev faib tawm: titanium alloy tuaj yeem muab faib ua titanium alloy, + titanium alloy thiab titanium alloy. -titanium alloy yog ib-theem-theem khoom siv alloy nrog ruaj khov microstructure, muaj zog hnav tsis kam thiab oxidation tsis kam, tab sis tsis muaj zog ntawm chav tsev kub. -titanium alloy yog ib-theem-theem khoom siv alloy, uas muaj lub zog siab yam tsis muaj kev kho cua sov thiab tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog ntxiv tom qab kev kho cua sov, tab sis thermal stability tsis zoo. + titanium alloy yog biphase alloy nrog cov khoom zoo, xws li toughness, plasticity thiab kub deformation zog, thiab tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev kho cua sov.

Raws li kev siv qhov ntsuas kub: titanium alloy tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov qauv dav hlau titanium alloy thiab cav qauv titanium alloy, thiab lwm yam.

Kev faib tawm los ntawm kev siv thiab cov yam ntxwv: titanium alloys tuaj yeem muab faib ua qis zog titanium alloys, nruab nrab-lub zog titanium alloys, siab zog titanium alloys, ultra-siab zog titanium alloys, kev puas tsuaj kam rau ua titanium alloys, tsis tshua muaj nqi high-performance titanium. alloys, thiab lwm yam, kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov teb sib txawv thiab kev siv.

Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm: Titanium alloys tuaj yeem muab faib ua cam khwb cia titanium alloys, deformed titanium alloys thiab hmoov titanium alloys, uas yog cais raws li kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv tshuab.

Raws li cov qauv annealing kev faib tawm: titanium alloy tuaj yeem muab faib ua titanium alloy, + titanium alloy thiab ε titanium alloy peb pawg, raws li cov qauv annealing ntawm kev faib.

Vim nws cov khoom zoo heev, xws li lub zog siab, zoo corrosion kuj thiab kub tsis kam, titanium alloy yog dav siv nyob rau hauv aviation, aerospace, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, Marine kev loj hlob thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Ntau hom titanium alloys muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv thiab qhov zoo kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov ntawv thov sib txawv.

Mechanical teb ntawm titanium cov khoom siv rau kev ntxhov siab lossis kev thauj khoom. Chaw thau khoom kub, deformation tus nqi thiab ib puag ncig nruab nrab txhua qhov cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Lub ntsiab (de) mechanical zog yog: yield zog thiab tawg lub zog, elongation, deg shrinkage thiab cuam tshuam ua hauj lwm, qaug zog thiab qaug zog txwv, tawg toughness thiab qaug zog tawg tus nqi loj hlob thiab creep kuj.

Yield zog (σ0.2) thiab tawg lub zog (σF) Lub zog ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab titanium thiab titanium alloy (de) muaj feem xyuam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm interstice txoj hauj lwm (de) ntsiab [O], [N], [C] thiab lwm yam (de) cov ntsiab lus hauv cov khoom, thiab cov ntsiab lus no feem ntau yog sib xyaw ua ke thiab teev raws li cov pa sib npaug [O]eq, uas yog xam raws li hauv qab no: [O]eq=[O]{{ 3}[N]+0.75[C](Atomic feem pua). Nrog rau qhov nce ntawm [O]eq (de), lub zog tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv titanium (de) nce ntau. Lub zog tawm los yog ze ze rau lub microstructure, piv txwv li, + titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) nplua (de) isometric qauv (de) lub zog siab tshaj plaws thiab tawg lub zog, tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1120MPa thiab 1505MPa, feem.

Qhov sib xyaw ntawm thawj theem isometric thiab nplua acicular (lossis ntawv) (de) yog hu ua cov qauv dimorphic, thiab nws lub zog tawg (1455MPa) yog siab dua li ntawm ntxhib isometric (de) (0MPa). Ua kom tiav acicular qauv (de)σ0.2 yog qhov qis tshaj. Lub zog tawg ntawm metastable titanium alloys, xws li Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al, yog cuam tshuam los ntawm txias dov deformation, kev kho tshuaj thiab qhov txias txias (de ).

Qhov nce ntawm elongation, shrinkage thiab cuam tshuam lub zog [O]eq txo qhov elongation ntawm titanium ntawm chav tsev kub (de).[N](de) muaj cov nyhuv loj tshaj plaws, ua raws li [O] thiab tom qab ntawd [C]. Annealing rau lub sijhawm ntev (500h) tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntsej muag shrinkage thiab cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab titanium (de) tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi qis tshaj nyob ze 500 degree. Lub elongation ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 500 degree, thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi kuj tshwm. Thaum tus nqi tensile ε yog 2.7 × 10-5 / s, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam ntshiab titanium yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom tseeb. Lub elongation ntawm zoo siv lead ua (6μm) titanium ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tsis txo qis.

Lub elongation lossis tawg ntawm cov qauv zoo isaaxial (de) ntawm + titanium alloy yog quenched los ntawm dej tom qab 4V tov ntawm 1088K. Cov theem tuaj yeem raug ntxias mus rau hauv martensite thaum lub sij hawm deformation, qhia tias Charpy cuam tshuam lub zog thiab kev ua kom zoo nkauj tawg tau zoo dua ntawm 223K (de). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, elongation thiab tawg strain kuj nce. Lub zog tawm los, tawg lub zog thiab elongation ntawm Ti-5Al-2.5Fe thiab Ti-6Al-4V alloys (de) tuaj yeem nce 8% ~ 15% ,5% ~ 13% thiab 7% ~ 14% raws li kev siv cov txheej txheem tshiab hydrogen.

Kev qaug zog thiab qaug zog txwv Kev lag luam ntshiab titanium muaj qhov tseeb (de) qaug zog txwv, uas nce nrog qhov nce ntawm cov pa sib npaug thiab txo qis nrog cov nplej coarsening. Lub zog qaug zog (σN) ntawm Ti-6Al-4V(de) (ie, lub neej ntev ntawm 107 lub lis piam (de) kev ntxhov siab ntau) nyob ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov hlau (de) thiab ntawm qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab (de) thaum lub sijhawm xeem. Lub coarse equiaxed qauv (de) muaj qhov qis tshaj σN, tsawg dua 500MPa, thiab nyob rau hauv huab cua thiab 3.5% NaCl tov, cov qauv ob-dimensional (de) muaj σN siab dua, mus txog 650 ~ 700MPa. Nyob rau hauv titanium alloys, lub zog qaug zog ntawm cov qauv du (de) nrog equiaxial + microstructure zoo dua li cov kev hloov pauv microstructure (de), thiab qaug zog tawg pib (de) lub neej yav dhau los ntev dua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov qaug zog tawg propagation tsis kam ntawm cov qauv hloov pauv (de) loj dua.

Lub dav hlau strain tawg toughness ntawm titanium alloy (de) yog ze ze rau nws cov microstructure. Txawm hais tias lub zog ntawm qib, qhov tawg toughness KIC tsim los ntawm kev ua tiav yog siab dua li ntawm tib lub zog (de) isaemic qauv, tab sis cov pa (de) elongation puas. Txawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm + titanium alloy yog txiav txim siab, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kho cua sov (de) kev paub, nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim txawv (de) microstructure. Txawm hais tias lub zog tawm los yuav luag zoo ib yam, qhov tawg toughness ntawm cov khoom sib txawv oriented (de) txawv heev. KIC ntawm cov qauv ntxhib (de) yog 22% siab dua li cov qauv zoo (de) hauv TL orientation (de) ntawm Ti-6Al-4V tuab phaj. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm cov pob txha toughness thiab cov pa elongation, kev kho cua sov kom tau txais ob lub xeev qauv (de) tuaj yeem ua tau. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm microstructure ntawm Ti-6Al-4V alloy (de) ntawm kev loj hlob qeeb (de) tsim kua muag modulus (TR)(de) yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov ntawm cov pob txha toughness (JIC ) (de). Yog hais tias muaj metastable theem nyob rau hauv lub alloy, "martensite induced thaum lub sij hawm deformation yog pab los txhim kho cov pob txha toughness ntawm qis kub (de). lub zog nce, thiab KIC txo qis.

Lub pob tawg toughness ntawm titanium alloy feem ntau yog txiav txim los ntawm (de) theem (de) nag lossis daus los ntawm theem. Ti-15-3 alloy yog hnub nyoog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias tom qab ntawd qis, muaj ob theem coarse thiab nplua (de) theem hauv microstructure, thiab lub zog thiab tawg toughness yog sib npaug txaus siab. Cast Ti-15-3 titanium alloy (de)KIC thiab Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sib npaug. Txhim kho qhov tawg toughness (de) ntawm titanium alloy yog ib qho metallurgical yam, thiab nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txo qhov qaug zog tawg tus nqi (da / dN) (de).

Lub creep kuj ntawm ze li ntawm titanium alloy yog 400 ~ 500 degree siab kub (de) titanium alloy, thiab nws siab tshaj creep kuj yog tau los ntawm txias rau chav tsev kub tom qab kev kho cua sov nyob rau hauv lub theem cheeb tsam (de). Kev siv (de) titanium alloys ntawm qhov kub siab dua ua rau lawv cov khoom siv kho tshuab vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm metallurgical instability, txiav txim theem Ti3X nag lossis daus, silicates nag lossis daus thiab oxygen nplua nuj txheej txheej txheej.

Dab tsi yog kev siv titanium hlau?
Vim tias titanium alloy kuj muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog tib neeg lub cev, titanium alloy kuj tuaj yeem siv los ua pob txha pob txha. Zirconium yog cov khoom siv tshuaj siv hauv kev lag luam atomic zog thiab ua cov khoom siv tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis nws cov dej hauv kev daws yog qhov thib ob tsuas yog sodium.

Raws li ib qho ntawm cov ua titanium manufacturers thiab lwm tus neeg nyob hauv Suav teb rau 20 xyoo, peb sov siab txais tos koj mus yuav titanium ua nyob rau hauv Suav teb ntawm no los ntawm peb lub hoobkas. Tag nrho cov khoom yog nrog cov khoom zoo thiab cov nqi sib tw.